Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is a common and destructive fungal disease that frequently occurs worldwide, leading to immense economic cost due to yield loss and grain contamination. However, sustainable genetic resources for FHB are still limited yet. Therefore, engineering resistance in wheat to FHB by creating decoy substrates for FHB effector proteases may be considered as one of promising coping strategies. Here we characterized one putative F. graminearum effector FgTPP1, which harbors two major isoforms. The mature FgTPP1 becomes proteolysis-active via cleaving its N-terminal autoinhibitory prodomain by itself and translocates from cytosol to chloroplast. Silencing TaHSP70 by virus-induced gene silencing abolishes FgTPP1 chloroplast localization. Transient expression of FgTPP1 inhibits plant cell death and suppresses the hypersensitive response induced by an auto-active forms of AtRPS5 (RPS5^D266E) and bacteria, possibly by interfering with plant immunity. Overall, our results demonstrate the critical role of FgTPP1 in F. graminearum pathogenesis and potential application of decoy system to generate FHB resistance in wheat.